Evolution of Medicare Essay

Abstract The article briefly describes about the Medicare and its benefits. The article also explains the loopholes in the Medicare policy and why it lacks certain vital aspects. Finally in the concluding remarks I have explained the gray areas where the Medicare needs some rectification and improvement to help serve its purpose. Evolution of Medicare According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, Medicare is stated as a health insurance program for people aged 65 years and above or people with disabilities but under 65 years of age and/or people suffering from end-stage renal disease such as permanent kidney failure. Diane Rowland stated that Medicaid originated based on companion legislation enacted in 1965 providing â€Å"federal matching grants to states to finance care.† According to Tricia Neuman, Medicare covers about 41 million people with 35 million elderly and 6 million disabled below 65 years of age. Medicare can be classified into following parts: Part A – Inpatient hospital care and limited skilled nursing care Part B – Physician services and other outpatient hospital services Part C – HMO’s and other private care (Combination of Part A and Part B) Part D – Outpatient prescription drug coverage.   The US Department of Health and Human Services stated that an individual is eligible for Medicare if S/he or spouse has been employed for a minimum of â€Å"10 years in a Medicare covered government employment† and is 65 years or above and a permanent resident cum citizen of the US. An individual below 65 years of age but suffering from a disability or end-stage renal disease would also qualify to avail of Medicare services. According to the National Medicare Commission some of the important points to be noted are as follows: Without reform Part A of trust fund is bound to become bankrupt in the year 2008. Medicare beneficiaries are already paying 30% of their health care costs from their pockets for items such as premiums, services and products not covered under Medicare. The Annual Medicare expenditure is expected to rise in the range of $2.2 trillion to $3 trillion by 2030. Consequently the Medicare spending would occupy a â€Å"larger part of the federal budget† and funding for other important programs like national defense, justice, health and safety and environmental protection will potentially get affected. According to Holly Sklar, besides being costly the US ranks 29th in World Health Organization healthy life expectancy rankings and sad to note that US is behind 36 other countries in child mortality of age less than five years. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) the United States topped with a 15% spending of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health in 2003 in comparison to an average of 8.6% spending in 30 other OECD countries. Despite the fact that US tops among the OECD countries in spending from its GDP, some of the startling facts are that it has lesser number of physicians, nurses and hospital beds per person and fewer MRI and CT scanners than an average OECD nation. â€Å"Lack of health insurance is killing many more Americans than terrorism.† After a brief discussion about Medicare, it is clear that reforms need to take place on an immediate basis to avoid bankruptcy of Part A of trust fund and the steps seem to be moving in a right direction with regard to charging higher premiums to those with higher incomes, thus bringing in equality in treatments. A flaw rectified recently was in respect of outpatient drug benefit, but there needs to be some more improvement so as to provide long term care and also provide hearing aids, eyeglasses and dental care. References Medicare Eligibility Tool. The US Department of Health and Human Services. Page retrieved from: http://www.medicare.gov/MedicareEligibility/home.asp?dest=NAV%7CHome%7CGeneralEnrollment&version=default&browser=IE%7C7%7CWinXP&language=English Diane Rowland. Medicaid: The Basics (2005). Kaiser Commission on Medicaid. Powerpoint presentation available on: http://www.kaiseredu.org/tutorials/medicaidbasics/medicaid.html Tricia Neuman. Medicare 101 (2005). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Powerpoint presentation available on: http://www.kaiseredu.org/tutorials/Medicare%20101/Medicare101.html National Medicare Commission. The Facts About Medicare. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare. Page retrieved from: http://medicare.commission.gov/medicare/factpage4.html Holly Sklar. Time for Health Care for All on Medicare’s 40th Anniversary (2005). Politics of Health. page retrieved from: http://politicsofhealth.org/main/time_for_health_care_for_all_on_medicare_s_40th_anniversary

Healthy Eating Pyramid Essay

The â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid† is a guide to eating a healthy diet. What is a healthy diet for you depends not only on your age and sex, but also on your body condition. This article gives an insight into the Healthy Eating Pyramid. Read on†¦ Many people have a wrong notion about the concept of healthy eating. Youngsters think remaining thin by depriving themselves of all foods they love to eat is healthy eating. However, they are wrong. Healthy diet has nothing to do with remaining thin by depriving oneself of food. A healthy and nutritious diet should impart a sense of well-being and make you feel energetic. The Healthy Eating Pyramid – Tips Harvard School of Public Health developed a nutrition guide for healthy eating called â€Å"The Healthy Eating Pyramid†. The principles underlying the Healthy Eating Pyramid stress mainly two things. They are regular exercise and weight control. The Healthy Eating Pyramid lays the foundation of healthy eating in eating more of vegetables and whole grains and less of red meat and refined grains. Here are a few tips to follow â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid†. Regular Exercise – Regular exercise is the basic principle for any healthy diet pyramid. The reason is it helps to keep your weight in check. Focus on Food You Eat – The Healthy Eating Pyramid guides you to what kind of food you should eat, how you should eat and when you should eat. It advises you as to the number of servings you can eat. So eat your fill of healthy food and do not worry about the calories. Give Importance to Vegetables – This guide stresses on a vegetarian diet that includes plenty of fruits and green vegetables daily. You can also use whole grains and healthy fats such as canola and olive oil. Avoid Red Meat – The healthy nutritional guide advises on avoiding red meat such as beef and mutton. It would be a good idea to forgo refined grains, carbonated/sugary drinks, potatoes and salty snacks. Instead of red meat have fish or lean meat such as turkey, chicken and other poultry. Have a Multivitamin Daily – This healthy diet pyramid suggests the inclusion of multivitamins in your daily diet. The Healthy Eating Pyramid – Different Levels There are six levels in the â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid† and each level has a group of foods recommended in your daily diet. First Group – The food belonging to this group includes breads and cereals. You can have maximum 10 to 12 helpings a day. Grains form the basis of this level. Second and Third Groups – The food items falling in this group include vegetables and fruits. They are a source of fiber and vitamins. The health pyramid recommends at least 4 servings a day. Fourth Group – The fourth food level consists of dairy products like cheese, milk, and yogurt. The â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid† recommends 3 servings per day. Fifth Group – Foods that provide vitamins, minerals and protein are included in this group. Some of the foods recommended in the fifth level are meat, poultry, eggs and fish. You should also include dry fruits, nuts and beans. Have at least 2 helpings a day. Sixth Group – This is the last group in the â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid† and is placed at top in the food pyramid. These food items are high in sugar and fat. It is wise to consume these foods sparingly. A significant feature of this healthy pyramid is it gives importance to the quality and not the quantity of food you eat. A recent update to the â€Å"Healthy Eating Pyramid†, is the inclusion of salt to the sixth group, and recommends adding salt sparingly to your food. It also suggests including Vitamin D daily in your diet.

Elements of Cinema Essay

* Since the images of moving pictures move in time, time is the most important element of the cinema. In the cinema it is subject to contraction, expansion, breaks or leaps through the manipulation of the director. The three aspects of the time 1. Physical time is the time taken by an action as it is being filmed and as it is being projected on the screen. A film may actually show what is happening in real life. * Physical time in the cinema can be distorted through slow motion, accelerated motion, reverse motion, and stopped motion. * Slow motion happens when the camera takes pictures faster than the projector can show them on the screen. * Accelerated motion occurs when the camera takes pictures slower than the projector can run them on the screen. * Reserve motion conveys an undoing of time * Stopped motion is not often used. Instead of stopping the action of an otherwise moving sequence, still photographs are used. 2. Psychological time is our emotional impression of the duration of the action that we experience as we watch film. In real life our mental state affects the way time passes for use. Time seems to move fast when we are happy. Boredom, idleness, or tragedy makes time lag. * In the cinema, time also go quickly and induces in us a feeling of exhilaration and excitement, while a slow pace can induce a melancholy mood or grief and slow down time. 3. Dramatic time refers to the time taken up by the events which are depicted in the film. the cinema may use a story-line that covers a single day in the life of a character or the whole history of a civilization. * A story that embraces a long period of time may utilize flashbacks, include a plague or an epilogue, or exclude that inessential since it can be controlled from the shot. * A film that depicts a brief period of time may be extended through repetition of different aspects on the events or the inclusion of scenes which to us may seem to flash across the screen when in truth it covers a few minutes. Read more:Â  Analysis on Philippine Cinema

Reading Log #11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Log #11 - Assignment Example coli bacteria when the food is not well prepared. Second, despite the health risks posed by the fast food industry, they still dominate the market. This fact is made possible majorly by the reluctance of the federal government to effectively put a stop to the production of fast foods. History bears record that the federal government did make business friendly policies that smoothened the running of the fast food industry. These policies at some point posed a threat to the safety of workers in the business. Republican faction in the congress also thwarted effort is to do away with the unhealthy fast food industry. Also since it the production of fast foods is less expensive, they tend to be cheaper than the organic foods granting them a broad market among the low class members in the society. Finally, in order to counter the widespread consumption of the fast foods, concerted efforts must be made by both the individuals and the federal government. Congress should immediately impose a ban on advertisements aimed at children to promote foods high in fat and sugar. It should also pass tougher food safety laws, protect American workers from serious harm and fight against dangerous concentration of economic power. The individual before making a decision to make a purchase of any unhealthy food should think critically and make rational judgement concerning the origin of the food, processing and final production. Individuals should also make efforts to produce their own healthy organic

Inventing a Product Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inventing a Product - Research Proposal Example Their product is of the highest quality and contains Vitamin B12, caffeine, Taurine and Glucoronolactone (Company website). It tastes like most popular energy drinks but without the after taste. They have varied products on offer and all their products are sugar free. The company has now started to bottle and can its energy drink formula as a co-packer for smaller companies (PRP, 2008). Their main product is "Bag in a Box" energy drink concentrate which is mostly bought by bar owners, nightclubs, health clubs, restaurants and convenience stores. They have consumers from all income levels and all ages. They also have energy drink for children and for women. However for the current product the target audience include both men and women from ages 18 till 55 years. The younger segment visits the gym more often early morning. There are plenty of energy drink brands available in the market. While Red Bulkl is leading there are other brands that are available - Wired X3000, Power Trip Energy Drink, Bliss Energy Drink, Gorilla Juice Energy Drink, Zoom, Sobe Energy, XS Citrus Blast, Hype, Wild Bull, and Pitbull. The energy drink market was expected to reach $17bn in 2007 as the market is driven by growing consumer awareness for healthier lifestyles (Merrett, 2007). This segment is expected to grow by 33.7 percent. Thus despite competition and especially because the new product is focused on catering to the segment that exercise early morning, it is envisaged that competition would not be tough for this product. 2. Marketing Objectives 2.1 Short and long-term sales objectives Since this is an entirely new concept, the objective is to derive the early mover advantages. It is envisaged that the company would enter and capture a sizeable market before competition steps in. Eventually, the company intends to enter the global market and no obstacles are foreseen as the product is innovative and demand is huge due to changed lifestyles. The goal is to become market leaders in the energy drink market with wide variety of products on offer. 2.2 Profit generation This is one of the main objectives. It is expected to increase the net profits by about 25% in view of the innovative product and no competition. Besides, the brand is well known and hence the new segment can be easily captured. 3. Strategy The firm's strategy is to attract the existing customers through brand image. This would make the market penetration easier. Based on the innovative product benefits, the marketing strategy has been devised. 3.1 Product strategy3.1.1 Product name The new product that is being introduced has some distinctive features. It is especially meant for those who intend going to gym or swimming early morning. It is supposed to give the consumer a kick-start to the day. When an individual wakes up after 7 or 8 hours of sleep the body glycogen levels are low and during a workout he would using up stored up energy. Thus this product would be able to provide the needed energy early morning and hence the demand is expected to be high due to the demand for healthier lifestyles. This would be the product package with the company logo Samson Energy Drink trademark being same as for all the other products. The product is called Samson Fit which itself

Appointing vs. Electing Judges to the Supreme Court Essay

Appointing vs. Electing Judges to the Supreme Court - Essay Example Supreme Court Justices should be appointed and not elected despite arguments against the practice. Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. This view is not approved by all of the American public. Some see it as just a game between the President and Senate. The president â€Å"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint" various high-level executive and judicial officers† which includes Supreme Court Justices (Amar and Amar). It could be speculated that the President and Senate make and approves appointments for personal reasons such as individual politics. For example, conservatives appoint conservatives, like Bush’s appointment of Clarence Thomas. Another argument is too much power comes to the nine Supreme Court Justices, since these judges are not elected. Bork suggests â€Å"The nations of the West are increasingly governed not by law or elected representatives, but by unelected, unrepresentative, unaccountable committees of lawyers applying no law other than their own will† (13). Many major decisions have been made by nine Justices. An example would be when the Supreme Court ordered schools to be desegregated. This decision still affects children today. For years students were bussed from one end of the town to another just to integrate schools on the Supreme Court Justices’ ruling. The appointments of Supreme Court Justices are a vote of the people, even though they are not direct elections. The President and Senate are both elected by the people. This allows the people a voice, but in a narrower way. The safeguard is once the Justice has their appointment, the President or Senate no longer has any power over them. Founding Fathers of the United States put this checks and balance system into place. â€Å"Presidents and Senators are free to base their decisions on the likely voting patterns of nominees, but may not extract pledges or promises†

Paper 3 Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 - Term Paper Example o lower the women into the lowest type of cesspool possible that cheapens their identity and individuality by portraying them as nothing more than objects of sexual desire who cannot amount to anything if they do not sell their sexuality. On television, the high standard and regard for women can be seen in the character of Kate Becket on the detective show Castle aired over ABC. She represents her gender and white race in a manner that commands the respect of the men and others around her. Unlike the Madonna and Lady Gagas out there who cheapen themselves in order to stay ahead of the game, Beckett is the epitome of the female sex as she manages to come across as sexy without having to reveal too much flesh but also being an independent minded woman who can take care of herself if no man is there for her because she is a self- respecting police officer who uses logic instead of her heart to get her ahead in the game of life. Kate Beckett represents the modern woman who does not need to dress seductively all the time and act trashy or like a tramp in order to get her man or get ahead in her line of

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Hispanic American Diversity - Essay Example Within this umbrella term â€Å"Hispanic† there are various sub groups, usually defined by the origins of the first immigrants to the USA. Mexicans form the largest group, who make up more than half of the total, followed by the Puerto Ricans, who make up about a 10%, and then the Cubans who only represent about 3.5%. The situation is complicated by the often vague definitions and usage of the two words â€Å"Hispanic† and â€Å"Latino† or â€Å"Latina† which sometimes refer to different groups, and sometimes are used interchangeably. For the purposes of this paper the term â€Å"Hispanic Americans† will be used to refer to all those who share the cultural heritage which originated in Spain and was transported to the southern parts of the American continent. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans are terms used to refer to people whose family origins are clearly from those particular countries. The term Latino American will be used to refer to those who have some connection with the Hispanic culture which is not specifically tied to the above named three groups. Many third and fourth generation Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic Americans have parents from more than one cultural heritage, or themseleve marry into different cultural groups and absorb much of mainstream American culture. These people lose their specific cultural ties to the home of their older relatives but many of them still retain elements of a more generalised Hispanic culture. This last group will be referred to as â€Å"Latino Americans†. Relations between the USA and Mexico have been been economically tied together from the very beginning. In the first half of the twentieth century Mexicans arrived in large numbers seeking a better life and at first their focus was to recreate their homeland family and religious life in the cities of the southern states of America. The Depression of the 1920s resulted in rates of immigration being curbed for a time, and this allowed

Opinion argument for or against Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opinion argument for or against - Essay Example provide quality education to as many citizens as possible disregarding their individual peculiarities and enable them to realize their potential. If the gifted students have more potential, they should be able to realise it, and creating special classes seems to be the best way out. Still, there are some problems to be considered. The problem of striking a proper balance between standardization and individualization when deciding if the children should study separately or remain in the "ordinary" class is one of the most topical: [s]tandardizing the assessment procedures, content, and scoring criteria enables those not directly involved in the administration of the assessment to understand the conditions under which the performance occurred and the criteria against which it was scored. Thus, standardization is critical if test scores are to be understood by anyone not intimately knowledgeable about the details of the assessment procedures used to test each student. (Hager & Slocum 2005, 55) However, as the students are all quite diverse, with their own needs and peculiarities, individual approach should also not be neglected. The No Child Left Behind Act states that testing is obligatory for all the American students, including the students with disabilities. (Hager & Slocum 2005, 54) Of course, the problems of choosing an appropriate alternate assessment and the alignment of the "specialized" programs with a general curriculum arise, along with the issue of the ethical character - how reasonable it is to implement high-stakes testing to the students who are less able compared to the rest. As I have mentioned at the beginning of the paper, though I support the idea of giving the talented and motivated kids as much as possible, there are some very important and burning issues that can make this decision unfair and wrong. For me, the reasons for not placing the gifted students into the specialized classes lay in different spheres. First of all, some students who can be evaluated as non-gifted and who have problems learning, could be the victims of a subjective evaluation - their intellect and abilities might be as high as those of the students with higher scores, but there is something that prevents them from showing that (emotional problems, low self-esteem, difficult situations in the family and other personal issues, etc.) There are, however, some problems that are of a more complicated nature. Though steps are being taken to achieve equality between the Americans of different genders, races, and social and economic backgrounds, still the problem of inequality is very burning one. It has been proved by researchers that the students coming from the families of higher social and economic background receive better education in schools, and therefore they tend to have significant advantage as compared to poorer children. Black children, among whom the number of those coming from poor families is much higher than among the white kids, have a limited access to education, and therefore even a

Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Management - Research Paper Example The pressure to keep deadlines and to deal with increasing work load within the limited time available urges to have scientifically designed time management plans. Researchers have been focusing in this area and there are literature available confirming the impact of time management on different areas including management, education and personal life. It has been confirmed that positive approaches on time management results in effective outcomes in terms of the psychological well being of the individual and also the organizational effectiveness. This in turn results in positive personal and organizational outcomes. Time Management Processes The primary approach towards effective time management includes time assessment, goal setting, planning and monitoring (Claessens et al., 2007). Observing oneself while engaging in a particular task and reviewing it both quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of time is the primary step which is referred to as time assessment. This gives precis e information on the average time taken for a particular task. For instance, time assessment assesses time taken by the individual to travel from residence to the college or to the office. Similarly, time estimations on every task involved in the routine of the individual can be closely done through this process. This would serve as an indicator of the effective time required to undertake a specific activity (Claessens et al., 2007). It will also help to calculate the number of effective hours. Time discounting which has been confirmed as a major issue in time management also can be identified here and dealt with (Koch & Kleinmann,2007) With time assessment done, one can have measurable indicators on his or her capability to undertake a task. In other words, the time required for the successful completion of a particular task is understood completely through this estimation (Claessens et al., 2007). Thus the person is ready for the goal setting to be done. Here, an achievable goal i n accordance to the observations made through the time estimation is done. This goal will be achievable in terms of time, as this has direct reference to the estimation of time which is specific to the person involved. For instance, with reference to the time estimation, if a person sets an objective that a particular technique will be learnt within two days, this is the goal set by that person. In ideal situations, these goals can be achieved within the set limit of time (Claessens et al., 2007). The next step involves creating a plan facilitating the achievement of this goal or in combination with other goals. Here the complexity is that these goals will be coinciding with a number of other activities. Thus it is important to prioritize goals and other activities to have a prioritized list of activities (Claessens et al., 2007). However, there could be some unforeseen circumstances which could come in during the implementation of this plan. Apart from these there could be factors which would consume time and were missed to be considered while doping the planning. To investigate the effectiveness of the time plan implementation, it is important to monitor the effectiveness of the implementation. The unforeseen and missed out time consumers will be identified in this stage. This process will help to confirm the effectiveness

Grind Jackfruit Seeds as Substitute For Flour Essay Example for Free

Grind Jackfruit Seeds as Substitute For Flour Essay Abstract Jackfruit is quiet abundant in our country as a result, its seeds are just scattered and not use for other matters aside from that it can be planted again for another Jackfruit tree. Flour is a very important ingredient for every pastries we eat. But because of its high price, people dont buy or refuse to buy food that contains flour as one of itsingredient. The researcher discovered that Jacfruit seeds isrich in vitamins like complex, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, vitamins A,B and C. It contains minerals like Calcium, Zinc and Potassium which can help our body fight aging, diseases and to maintain its good posture. The researcher is aiming to produce a cheap but has a good quality flour or just an alternative for expensive flour. The researcher is focusing on its color, odor and taste. The researcher decided to make a flour out of the Jackfruit seeds. The methods involved are: preparations, washing of the seeds, drying under the sun which takes days because you have to assure that it is dry in the innermost part of the seed so that it will not stick into the grinder, roasting, getting the peelings, crushing and finally grinding. To test the product, the researcher made it into a hotcake. The hotcake was tasted by several people and they have good compliment about it. The researcher recommends it to bakery owners or people who uses flour as their source of income because its affordable, has a good quality and it can help to save a lot of money. Chapter I Introduction Background OF The Study Flour is a very important ingredient in making bread and the like. Many Filipinos of today likes to eat bread but becauseof increasing prices of flour, bread prices are also increasing. Commercial flour sometimes easily spoil or sometimes have worms on it. Instead of scattering jackfruit seeds, we may use it as source of flour. With this study, the researcher tries to produce a new product out of grind jackfruit seeds as flour for another substitution foe expensive commercial flour. Helping businessman, flour factory owners and bakery owners to save more money, less effort, time and have a good quality product. Statement Of The Problem This study is all about The Feasibility Of Grind JackfruitSeeds As Substitution For Flour. Flour is very useful because it has many uses specially in making food. Bakery owners have problems in their budget for flour because she realized that aside from planting seeds, we can use it as flour which is cheaper but with good qualities like the commercial ones and it is easily produces or gathered. This study tries to answer the following questions: 1.Does the jackfruit flour qualities is the same with commercial ones in terms of color, odor, and taste? 2. Does the jackfruit flour last longer (expiration date) than the commercial ones? 3. Does it still produces worms? Hypothesis There is difference between jackfruit flour and commercial flour in terms of color, odor and taste. Significance Of The Study The significance of the study is that it can help bakery owners or other people which uses flour as their business. They can save more money out of it and have enough budget for it. It also help the environment and it alsointroduces new product in food industry. Some people scatter the seeds everywhere which may develop pollution to our environment, we can use and sell as our business. Scope and Limitation In this study the researcher is focusing on the qualities of grind jackfruit seeds as flour. It tries to help improve commercial flour in terms in time of spoilage. There are no other chemicals or additive mixed with the grind jackfruit seeds as flour. The researcher used very ripejackfruit seeds so that it will have a very good taste. In this study, the researcher use the grind jackfruit seeds as flour in baking cake in proving the study. Definition of Terms Flour- is a powder made up of cereal grains. Main ingredient of bread. Grind- to crush to powder or tiny pieces by friction Jackfruit- is a species of mulberrry family native to parts of South and Southeast Asia. A huge spined, oval fruit that is believed to have been first cultivated in Indian rainforests. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature This study is an unfinished study of the brother of the researcher. The researcher realized that it is very interesting and it answers the economic price of flour in the market. Jackfruit is abundant in some regions of the Philippines but still we can see it anywhere and we can plant it anywhere as long as there is soil. We can also buy it from the market bit its quite high in cost so better to have a tree of your own. Jackfruit seeds are very rich source of complex, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, vitamins A,B and C. It also contains minerals like calcium, zinc,and potassium. It also contains lignans, isoflavones, saponins that fights cancer. It also serves as anti-aging, anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer. So it proves that it is very nutritious and affordable rather than commercial flour. The researcher had read an article about a Brazilian Researcher Jose AmadoAlves who created a process for dehydrating and transforming fruits, vegetables and tubernacles into flour. Alves tested bananas,guavas,apples, pineapples, paw-paw and passion fruit. The process consists of dehydrating and grinding the fruit peel, pulp or both together. CHAPTER III Materials: jackfruit seeds basin frying pan stove A. The Making of the Jackfruit Flour In making the jackfruit flour, first the researcher will gather all the materials.The researcher will let the jackfruit seeds dry under the heat of the sun. The researcher will roast the jackfruit seeds usibg the frying pan. Afterwards, she will get the thin peelings of the seeds then crushed into small pieces and finally, grind it into the grinder. PROCEDURES: 1. She will let the Jackfruit seeds dry under the heat of the sun for several days. 2. The researcher will roast the jackfruit seeds using the frying pan. 3. She will get the thin peelings of the jackfruit seeds. 4. The researcher will crush the seeds. 5. Finally, she will put the crushed seeds into the grinder. B. Observation In the researchers observation. She observed that the product is not the same with the product of commercial flour. The taste, color and odoris not the same. CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion In this chapter, you can read the results of the experimentation conducted by the researcher. Together in this chapter is the discussion of the results The data below are the results observed by the researcher. TRIAL 1 According to the data, the commercial flour and jackfruit flour have different characteristics in terms of smell, color and taste The names listed below are the people who were able to taste the product of the researcher. Including their comment about it. According to the comments of the people, the product of the researcher has a good characteristics in terms of its taste, color and odor. CHAPTER V Recommendation and Conclusion Recommendation: The researcher recommends it to all people especially to bakery owners or people uses flour as their source of income.Aside from that its affordable, its very nutritious and very rich sourch of vitamins. Conclusion: I therefore conclude that grind jackfruit seeds is capable of producing high quality flour which has very different characteristics compared to the commercial ones. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is=jackfruit.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour http://thaifood.about.com/od/intotothaicooking/f/aboutjackfruit.htm http://thaifood.about.com/od/glossary/g/jackfruit.htm http://hungryzone.com/index.php/detailed_health-tip-article/33/benefits_of_jackfruit http://wwww.banglapedia.org/HT/J_0004.HTM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher is offering this study to her family. For the support,effort and financial assistance.Also to her research teacher, MS. BALVE GRANIDO who encourges us to have more research and effort. Her classmates and friends who gave their full support. And of course, with out the guidance and love of our Almighty God, the researcher cant accomplised this study.

Advantages of supply chain management Essay Example for Free

Advantages of supply chain management Essay One is cost advantage. Companies that have implemented supply chain management have a 45% supply chain cost advantage over their competitors. [1] Price of raw materials and end product are optimized due to collaboration between two parties. The sharing of vital information in the early stage of development, and the effective communication of methods and requirements allows parties within the supply chain to effectively benefit each other in terms of cost. Another is faster time to market. Companies met their promised delivery dates 17% faster than their competition. [2] Through early information and forecast, suppliers can also efficiently design their production and implementation process through collaboration. This allows supplier to reduce the lead time to produce their products within the supply chain. Disadvantages of supply chain management over traditional competitive procurement processes. First is the difficulty of maintaining supply chain relationship. Supply chain relationships are probably the most fragile and the most susceptible to breaking down. [3] This is because a poor relationship at any part of the supply chain can cause major problems to the entire supply chain. In today’s global market, the customers have the power over the suppliers. Everyone else in the supply chain must quickly satisfy the demands or else face the possibility of loosing them. Another disadvantage is the need to share vital information for collaboration purposes which leaves a company vulnerable to illegal copying of ideas or methods. Although these can be safeguarded by proper agreement between parties, but the forces of market competition may compel violations of agreement intentionally or unintentionally.   If supply chain management is actually a superior way of managing procurement and production, how (if at all) does that modify any of the economic `big ideas` we examined in Module 1?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supply Chain Management plays a major role in the concept of supply and demand. With parties closely related through collaboration, the identification of demand which is needed by the suppliers to support the collaborative company is easy, allowing suppliers to maximize profit given the level of demand. On the side of the collaborative company, the control of supply of raw materials is easy, which again would allow them to optimize profit. References: Ferguson, B. (2000). Implementing Supply Chain Management. Retrieved December 3, 2006 from http://www.apsreview.com/archive/spring2004/images/APICS.pdf [1] See Implementing Supply Chain Management at http://www.apsreview.com/archive/spring2004/images/APICS.pdf [2] See Implementing Supply Chain Management at http://www.apsreview.com/archive/spring2004/images/APICS.pdf [3] See Implementing Supply Chain Management at http://www.apsreview.com/archive/spring2004/images/APICS.pdf

DNA Based Biosensor in Diagnosis: A Review

DNA Based Biosensor in Diagnosis: A Review The advent of fast and easy DNA testing has given the space for the Science to develop small and easy-to-handle equipments called Biosensors. DNA based biosensors have been proven very useful and are accorded with much importance in detecting the target genes responsible for diseases. This article enlists different types of biosensors, their basic principle of operating system, the preparation of DNA microarrays, lab-on-a-chip and their role in diseases diagnosis. DNA biosensors provide swift, sensitive, selective, simple and economical detection of DNA hybridization. New strategies for DNA biosensor are enumerated and are used meticulously in recent trends and for future directions. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) amplify the electrochemical signal when used with DNA hybridization. Electrochemical, piezoelectric, SPR, optical DNA biosensors are used to detect various viruses like hepatitis virus, HCMV, HIV, orthopox virus etc. and also for the diagnosis of various diseases like cancer, tube rculosis, COPD, genetic diseases (sickle cell anemia i.e. due to single point gene mutation), cystic fibrosis, diabetes etc. The methodologies of detecting such diseases using different types of DNA based biosensors and gene chips are described in this article. PCR free DNA chips, cell- omic sensors and nanosensor are emerging tools in the field of diagnosis. Recent advances in developing such devices provide myriads of new opportunities for DNA diagnostics. Introduction A rapidly developing area of biotechnology arousing intense scientist interest is that of biosensor. Biosensor has become popular in the field of food analysis [1], bioterrorism [3], environmental [2-3] and in the area of human health monitoring and diagnostics [4-6]. Recent advances are being mad in all areas of biosensors technology. Presently, most fascinating and prospective sensors are immunosensors based on affinity reactions between antibody and antigens and DNA biosensors based on the hybridization between DNA probes and their complementary DNA strands. In general, biosensor is an analytical device which employs biological recognition properties for a selective analysis. Such sensors combine a biological element with a physiochemical transducer for the electronic signal output which is proportional to the concentration of analytes [7]. A basic biosensor assembly includes a biological element, transducer and detector. The sensing material may be antibodies, enzymes, whole cell or nucleic acids that form a recognition layer which is integrated with the transducer via immobilization by cross linking, adsorption or covalent binding. Transducers may be amperometric (measuring the current at constant potential) [8], potentiometric (measuring the potential at constant current) [9], piezoelectric (measuring the changes in mass), thermal (measuring the changes in temperature) [10] or optical (detects changes in transmission of light) [11]. The interaction between the analyte and the biological material, used in biosensors may be of two types: a) Bioaffinity sensors: depend on the selective and specific attachment of the target molecule to the surface-attached ligand partner (e.g. antibodies, nucleic acids). b) Biocatalytic sensors: an immobilized enzyme is used as a tool to recognize the target substrate (sensor strips with immobilized glucose oxidase used for personal monitoring of diabetes). A number of steps, much labor, time and costly instruments are required in usual analytical technique whereas biosensors are economical, fast and simple and can be used in small laboratories and hospitals of remote areas which are devoid of sophisticated instruments facilities. DNA Biosensors Nucleic acid recognition process is the basis of DNA Biosensors. These are being developed with a rapid pace with an ambition for inexpensive testing for genetic and infectious disease and for detecting DNA damage and interactions. The study of gene polymorphisms and the analysis of gene sequences play a fundamental role in rapid detection of genetic mutations, opens up new opportunities for reliable diagnosis even before any symptoms of a disease appear. Thus recent advances in developing such devices offer the opportunities for DNA diagnostics. DNA biosensors are made by immobilizing single stranded (ss) DNA probes on different transducers for measuring the hybridization between the DNA probes and their complementary DNA strands [12-13]. The current methods to identify specific DNA sequence in Biological samples depends on the isolation of double stranded (ds) DNA and further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the target sequence of DNA. The PCR product is then subjected to electrophoresis or adsorbed onto a suitable membrane and exposed to a solution containing DNA probe. Surface Chemistry and Biochemistry The immobilization of DNA probe onto the transducer plays an important role in the performance of the DNA Biosensor. It should be in well-defined probe orientation and should be readily accessible to the target. The mode of immobilization is the determining factor for the type of environment of probes that are immobilized at the solid surface. On the basis of nature of physical transducer, various schemes can be opted for the DNA probes attachment to the surface such as thiolated DNA utilisation for self binding onto gold transducers, the formation of a complex by the use of biotylated DNA with a surface-confined strepavidin or avidin, covalent binding to the gold surface through functional alkanethiol-based monolayer and coupling covalently (carbodiimide) to the functional groups on carbon electrodes or adsorption onto carbon surfaces. Introduction of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) has paved way for many exciting and new opportunities to DNA biosensors. Peptide Nucleic Acid is a DNA mimic, the only difference is that the sugar-phosphate bone is replaced by a pseudo-peptide one. Like use of surface-confined PNA recognition layers provides remarkable sequence specificity on DNA biosensors and offers other advantages. DNA dendrimers may also be utilized for imparting extreme sensitivity onto DNA Biosensors. By shape, these are tree-like superstructures which possess numerous ss arms that are able to hybridize to their complementary DNA sequence. The immobilization of these dendritic nucleic acids onto physical transducer gives an amplified response [14]. Recent advances in the field of biomolecular techniques may be used to design new generation miniaturized biosensor. Types of DNA based Biosensors 1. Optical Type Fiber optics Biological Element Laser Interferometry Transducer DNA Advantages Optical fiber Highly sensitive Disadvantages Expensive equipment and not portable turbidity interference 2. Electrochemical Type Potentiometric Biological Element Conductometric Transducer Amperometric DNA Advantages Carbon paste electrodes Cheap, Fast Limitations Interference of highly buffered solution 3. Piezoelectric Type DNA Biological Element Quartz Crystals Advantages highly sensitive, Fast 4. DNA chips DNA Quantitative Optical DNA based Biosensor Optical methods are the most commonly used for the detection of analytes. DNA optical biosensors are based on a fiber optic which transduces the emission signal to a fluorescent label and that can carry light from one region to another through a series of internal inflections. The methodology of fiber-optic DNA bio-sensors involves placing of a single stranded DNA probe at the ending-site of fiber and assessing the fluorescent changes resulting from the combination of a fluorescent indicator with the double stranded DNA hybrid [15 16]. The first DNA optical bio-sensors were developed by Krull and Co workers using fluorescent indicator ethidium bromide. A fiber-optic DNA sensor array was developed by Watts group for the detection of multiple DNA sequences at one time [17]. The hybridization of fluorescent labeled complementary oligonucleotides was assessed by observing the increase in fluorescence. A real label free optical detection of DNA hybridization can be offered by a different type of optical transduction based on evanescent wave devices. The different types of optical biosensors include: 1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) It is a quantum optical electrical phenomenon based on the interaction of light with metal surface. Only at specific resonance wavelength of light, the energy carried by photons of light is transferred to packets of electrons (photons) on a metal surface [17]. These biosensors depend on change in surface optical properties (change in resonance angle because of alteration in interfacial refractive index) which results from the surface binding reaction. Thus, these devices integrate the simplicity of SPR with the sensitivity and specificity of wave guiding devices. The SPR signal that is expressed in resonance units is therefore a measure of mass concentration at the senor chip surface [18-20]. 1.2 Molecular Beacons (MBs) MBs are oligonucleotides possessing a stem and loop structure that are labeled with a quencher at one end and a fluorophore on the other end of the stem that converts into fluorescent upon hybridization. MB probes possess high sensitivity and specificity and direct monitoring capability. A biotinylated molecular beacon probe was developed to prepare a DNA sensor using a bridge structure. MB was biotinylated at quencher site of the stem and linked on a glass through streptavidin that act as a bridge between MB and glass matrix. The fluorescence change was measured by confirmation change of MB in the presence of complementary target DNA [21-23]. Quantum Dot It is an ultra sensitive nanosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FREET) that can detect very low concentration of DNA. In these neon sensors, quantum dots (QDs) are linked to specific DNA probes to capture target DNA. The target DNA strand binds to a fluorescent dye (Fluorophore) labeled reporter strand and thus forming FREET donor acceptor assembly. Quantum dot also functions as target concentrator as well as FREET energy donor [24]. DNA nanosensor contains two target specific DNA probes i.e. reporter and capture probe. The reporter probe is labeled with fluorophore whereas capture probe is labeled with biotin that binds with streptavidin conjugated with QD [25]. The fluorophore acceptor and QD donor in close proximity produce fluorescence from acceptor by means of FREET on illumination of the donor. The presence of target DNA is indicated by the detection of acceptor emission. The un-hybridized probe does not give fluorescence. The CdSe Zns core shell nanocrys tal can be used as donor and Cy5 (fluorophore) as acceptor for developing QD based DNA nanosensors [25]. For this type of optical bio sensors fluorescent dyes used as standard labels are very expensive and can rapidly photo bleach. An alternate used is chemiluncinscence format, which overcomes the use of fluorescent dyes. A Fiber-optic DNA biosensor array A new method of preparing the fiber-optic DNA biosensor and its array for the simultaneous detection of multiple genes is described. The optical fibers were made into fiber-optic DNA biosensors by adsorbing and immobilizing the oligonucleotide probe on its end but were first treated with poly-l-lysine. The fiber-optic DNA biosensor array was well prepared by assembling the fiber-optic DNA biosensors in a bundle in which each fiber carried a different DNA probe. Hybridization of fluorescent- labeled cDNA of Rb1 gene, N-ras gene and Rb1 p53 gene to the DNA array was monitored CCD camera. A good result was achieved [61]. 2. Electrochemical DNA Bio sensors These are very useful devices for sequence specific biosensing of DNA. The inherent miniaturization of such devices and advance micro fabrication technology make them excellent tool to diagnose DNA. DNA hybridization is detected electrochemically by monitoring the current response at fixed potential. Detection of hybridization is also commonly done through the increased current of a redox indicator or from other changes induced by hybridization in electrochemical parameters such as capacitance or conductivity [26-28]. The discovery of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) plays an important role in development of electrochemical DNA sensors. Various CNT based electrochemical are developed because the combination of unique electrical, thermal, chemical, mechanical and 3-D spatial properties of CNTs with DNA hybridization offers the possibility of creating DNA bio sensors with specificity, simplicity, high sensitivity and multiplexing. Two major groups in which CNTs divided are single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) that are comprised of a single graphite sheet rolled with a tube and multi walled CNTs (MWCNTs) that are concentric closed graphite tubes [29]. CNT enables immobilization of DNA molecules and also used as powerful amplifier to amplify signal transduction of hybridization [30]. Two types are generally used to immobilize the CNT on electrodes aligned and non-aligned. Two approaches are generally used for the immobilization of bio molecules onto CNTs that are non covalent attachment (physical absorption) and covalent binding (some cross linker agents (1-ethyl 3-3 dimethylaminopropyl) carbodilimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)] or affinity binding (avidin biotin interaction). CNT also act as novel indicator of hybridization. The application of arrayed CNT into DNA chip requires small amount of sample and development of CNT base biosensor has an important role in DNA based diagnostics in hospitals or at home [30]. Various methods are used for immobilizations step i.e. for attaching the DNA probe onto the solid surface that are (a) the use of thiolated DNA probe for self assembled monolayers (SEM) onto gold transducers by covalently bonding to the gold surface through functional alkanethiol based monolayers.(b) Attachment of biotinylated DNA probe through biotin avidin interaction on electrode surface for e.g. avidin modified polyaniline electro chemically deposited onto a Pt disc electrode for direct detection of E. Coli by immobility a 5 biotin labeled probe using a differential pulse Voltametric technique in the presence of methylene blue as an DNA hybridization indicator [31,32]. The electrochemical DNA biosensors may be labeled free and labeled based. Label Free In this direct detection technique the target molecule does not need to be labeled [27]. The elimination of labeling steps simplifies the readout the speed and ease of nucleic acid assays. Thus recently increased attention has been accorded to new label free electrochemical detection schemes. There is a possibility in exploiting the changes in DNAs intrinsic electroactivity (Guanine oxidation peak of hybridization). To deal with the drawbacks of the probe sequences i.e. absence of G, guanines were substituted by inosine residues (pairing with C) and detection of hybridization was done through the target DNA guanine signal. The change in the guanine oxidation and intrinsic DNA redox signals detects the chemical and physical damage [33]. Label Based In label based electrochemical biosensor specific organic dyes, enzymes or metal complexes are used for hybridization detection. Redox active molecules such as methylene blue, dacinomycin that is inserted between the dsDNA and gives signal which is used for detecting hybridization [26] (e.g. of two commercialized DNA chips based on redox active molecules are eSensor TM produced by Motorola life sciences [34], Inc. and Genlyser TM by Toshiba)[35]. Piezoelectric DNA Biosensor These are the mass sensitive devices rely on quartz crystal that oscillate at a defined frequency when oscillation voltage is applied. Increased attention has been given to piezoelectric method due to their simplicity, cost, sensitivity and real time label free detection. The quartz crystal microbalance is an extremely sensitive piezoelectric device that monitors the hybridization events. These biosensors DNA probe is immobilized on the surface of oscillation crystal. The increased mass due to hybridization reaction results in change in oscillating frequency [36-37]. A Piezoelectric sensor for determination of genetically modified soyabean roundup ready [RR soyabean] by immobilizing probe related to 5-enolpyrllvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene onto gold piezoelectrodes [38]. For detecting a point mutation in a human gene (apolipoprotein-E polymorphism) a combination of DNA piezoelectric biosensor and PCR was developed by immobilizing biotinylated probe on the streptavidin coated gold surface of quartz crystal. The hybridization probes with complementary, non-complementary and mismatched DNA of synthetic as well as amplified PCR samples from human blood DNA was taken out and the device was able to distinguish polymorphism [39]. Colorimetric or Strip type DNA sensor Using these sensors the direct detection of DNA hybridization is possible [40-42]. The dry-reagent strip type biosensor has been developed for visual detection of double stranded DNA within a short time [43]. Oligonucleotides conjugated gold particle is used as probe. The main advantage of these biosensors is not requiring any instruments, multiple incubation and washing steps. Integral part of strip consists of gold particles, with oligo (dT) attached to their surface. Biotinylated PCR products are hybridized with poly (dA) tailed oligo, switched to the top of strip and immersed in the appropriate buffer. With the migration of buffer in upward direction, the nanoparticles that are linked through target DNA through poly (dA/dT) hybridization are rehydrated. Immobilized streptavidin then capture the hybrid in the controlled zone of the strip. The test is 8-10 times more sensitive than ethidium bromide in agarose gel electrophoresis. The detection limit is abysmally low of 2 fmol of amplified DNA products. DNA Biochips Microarrays, DNA arrays, gene chips or biochips are same terminology often being intermixed. DNA microarrays are small, solid supports which themselves are usually microscopic slides, but can also be silicon chips or nylon membranes onto which the sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached, at fixed locations. The DNA may be spotted, or synthesized directly onto the support. DNA microarrays detect the change in gene expression levels, genomic gained and losses, mutations in DNA and infectious agents, diagnosis of genetic diseases, drug screening or forensic analysis. Developing the methods for detecting target hybridization, designing probe arrays, data analysis and reconstructing the target sequence are required for successful implementation of DNA chip technology. Such array technology thus forms the basis of integration of molecular biology, surface and analytical chemistry, advanced micro fabrication, robotics, software and automation. In this technique, RNA extracted from two samples are labeled with two different fluorochromes (generally the green cyanine 3 and the red cyanine 5 (Cy3, Cy5)) before being hybridized to a biochip consisting of large numbers of cDNAs/oligonucleotides arranged orderly onto a glass microscopic slide. After hybridization, a scanner records excitation of the two fluorochromes at given wavelengths and the intensity of the fluorescence emission signals that is proportional to transcript levels in the biological samples. The data is analyzed using specific software that enables clustering of genes with similar expression patterns, with the assumption that they share common biological functions [33, 44]. A new ultrasensitive electronic sensor has been developed by Singapore scientists that would speed up effectively DNA testing for disease diagnosis and biological research. The novel electronic sensor array would be faster, accurate and cost-efficient. Excellent sensitivity has been shown by the Nanogap Sensor Array in detecting the trace amounts of DNA. By saving time and cutting expenses, newly developed Nanogap Sensor Array offers a scalable and viable alternative for DNA testing. The presence of DNA is translated into an electrical signal by biosensor for computer analysis. The distinctively and meticulously designed sensor chip has the ability to detect DNA efficiently. The novel vertical nanostructure design and two different surfaces of the sensor allow ultrasensitive detection of DNA [45]. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) Lab Chip is a device which involves preparation of sample and detection of DNA array. The objective of this technology is to integrate multiple processes, including collection of sample and pretreatment of it with the DNA extraction, hybridization and detection, on single self-contained microchip i.e. on a microfluidic platform. The capability to do all the processes on a single chip merits excellent advantages in terms of cost, speed, efficacy, effectiveness, contamination, sample consumption and automation. Laboratory transportation to the source of sample will be enabled by such miniaturization of analytical instrumentation. The development of these credit-card sized microlaboratories is commonly based on latest micromachining and microfabrication technologies, utilizing processes well known in the manufacture of electronic circuitry [14]. Cell-omic sensors Cell based detection systems can be combined with the microarray probes generating the hybrid arrays of cells within arrays of DNA/protein probs. This allows multiparameters analysis [46]. Applications of DNA Biosensors Biosensors plays a distinguished role in the field of environmental quality, food analysis, study of biomolecules and their interactions, drug development, crime detection, medical diagnosis, quality control, industrial process control, detection system for biological warfare agents, manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs. The applications of DNA biosensor can be classified into three broad categories: sequencing, mutation detection and matching detection [47]. Their main use is for diseases diagnosis. Numerous diseases can be diagnosed and variety of infectious agents can be detected using DNA biosensors. 1. Viral diseases By DNA microarrays Either viral detection were being carried by immunological techniques (i.e. use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of circulating virus-specific antibodies) or PCR based techniques (i.e. reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR is used to detect the presence of specific viral genes). Both these approaches possess some limitations. Immunological tests need specific antisera and the production of antisera is laborious and time-consuming task whereas PCR is prone to failure in its ability to identify multiple viruses simultaneously [48]. Therefore, recent advances in DNA and protein microarray methodology fulfill the need of a rapid and sensitive detection of viral infections (also identify multiple viruses in parallel). DNA microarrays for viral analysis can be divided into viral chips and host chips. Each not only detects and identifies but also monitor the viral populations. In 1999, the first viral DNA microarray for the temporal profiling of viral (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV) gene expression was described. Viral replication or de novo protein synthesis was blocked by treatment of infected cells with cycloheximide or ganciclovir and then the expression profiles of viral genes was generated using microarray. Using this approach, the HCMV genes were classified to immediate-early, early or late expression classes, on the basis of their expression profile in response to the drug treatments. This can be used as an identifying hybridization signature for the molecular staging of an infection [49]. Orthopoxvirus causes smallpox and has two subtypes variola major and variola minor, of differing pathogenicity. This problem of orthopoxvirus subtype discrimination was solved by producing an array capable of correctly identifying the four of the orthopoxvirus species by laassri etal. [50]. HIV genotyping was done using chip technology [51]. A unique signature that is derived from viral is provided by viral chips. Host chip is used for examining the host response i.e. changes in host gene expression. This provides a molecular signature of infection. Cummings and Relman exposed an idea of host chips [52]. Vant wout etal. examined HIV 1 infection in CD4+ T-cells to detect changes in host gene expression that were specific to HIV infection [53]. Proinflammatory genes and genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, cell cycle, and apoptosis were the host gene signatures identified. Detection of hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis which is leading cause of liver cancer. Infection of HBV is a public health menace for worldwide resulting acute and chronic clinical consequences. Acute HBV infection may lead to liver failure or may progress to chronic liver disease. Some chronically infected individuals may subsequently suffer cirrhosis and liver failure or develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Effective antiviral therapy may inhibit or retard the progression to severe liver disease. By DNA optical biosensor Bacterial alkaline phosphatase (phoA) gene and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were used as target DNA. For capturing the target gene onto streptavidin coated magnetic beads, a biotinylated DNA probe was used. A calf intestine alkaline phosphatase labeled DNA probe was used for subsequent enzymatic chemiluminescences detection. The detection cycle was less than 30 min, excluding the DNA hybridization time that was about 100 min. at fematomole or picogramme levels both phoA gene and HBV DNA could be detected. No response signal was obtained when in sample target DNA did not exist [54]. By Piezoelectric DNA biosensor HBV nucleic acid probe was immobilized onto the coated gold surface of quartz crystal using polyethyleneimine adhesion, glutaraldehyde cross-linking (PEI-Glu) method or the physical adsorption method. Better results were obtained with the coated crystal with the PEI Glu method to immobilized HBV nucleic acid probe than physical adsorption method with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility and stability. With the hybridization reaction, the mass is increasing that resulted change in oscillating frequency. The frequency shifts of hybridization have better linear relationship with the amount of HBV DNA, when the amount was in range of 0.02-0.14 microgram/ml [55]. By electrochemical DNA biosensor An electrochemical DNA biosensor that is a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with label free21mer single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotides (related to hepatitis B virus sequence) via covalent immobilization. [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) is used as an electrochemical indicator. The method is simple, economical and allows the accumulation of copper complex within the DNA layer. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used for electrochemical detection. The detection of hybridization is accomplished by using [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2], where electroactivity and strong association with the immobilized dsDNA segment lead to significantly enhanced voltammetric signal. The differential pulse voltammograms for the cathodic signals of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] at a bare GCE, and at ss- and dsDNA-modified GCEs are also recorded. The peak currents of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] increased in the order of bare GCE, ssDNA/GCE, and dsDNA/GCE. After hybridization process, a greater peak current was observed from dsDNA/GCE than at ssDNA/GCE, because that more [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] molecules are concentrated or bound to dsDNA helix than to ssDNA. Thus, [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] can be used as an electroactive indicator for recognition of the surface hybridization process. The sensitivity of the electrochemical hybridization assay was investigated by varying the target oligonucleotides concentration. The different current value obtained in the DPV response of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] after hybridization of probe with target is recorded with three repetitive measurements. The current response at about 0.485V increased in proportion to the amount of the target sequence used [56]. Detection of hepatitis C 3a virus An electrochemical DNA biosensor i.e. a gold electrode modified with a monolayer of a peptide nucleic acid probe and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol was used that depends on covalent binding of the14-mer PNA probe (related to the HCV genotype 3a (pHCV3a) core/E1 region) onto the electrode. This self-assembled PNA could selectively hybridize with a complementary sequence in solution to give dsPNA-DNA on the surface, and this increases the peak current of methylene blue (MB) which is used for detecting target DNA sequence. Diagnostic performance of the biosensor is described and the detection limit was found to be 5.7  ÃƒÆ'-  10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢11  M with a relative standard deviation of 1.4% in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.0. This sensor exhibits high reproducibility and could be used to detect the target DNA for seven times after the regeneration process [57]. Cystic fibrosis Mikkelsens team, pioneered the utilization of redox indicators, demonstrated utility of electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting the cystic fibrosis F508 deletion sequence which is associated with 70% of cystic fibrosis patients. For the 4000-base DNA fragment, 1.8 fmol was the detection limit in relation to a Co(bpy)33+ indicator. High selectivity for the disease sequence (not for normal DNA) was accomplished by doing the hybridization at high (43 °C) temperature [14]. 3. Diabetes Diabetes is a worldwide public health problem. The diagnosis and management of diabetes requires a tight monitoring of blood glucose levels. Thus millions of diabetics test their blood glucose levels daily by making glucose the most commonly tested analyte. The challenge is to provide such reliable and tight glycemic control. Electrochemical biosensors for glucose thus play a leading role. Amperometric enzyme electrodes, based on glucose oxidase (GOx) bound to electrode transducers, have thus been found the subject of substantial research [58]. Glucose sensors are commonly used to measure the blood glucose level of diabetes patients. Using the latest DNA chip technology, many scientists at Diabetes Center have discovered the implication of new gene in the cause of type 2 diabetes. They created an abnormality in one of these genes known as ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator gene which is a member of a family of transcription factors) in mice and the mice developed changes in insulin secretion which were same as in patients with type 2 diabetes. The ARNT is required for the development of normal embryo. It is also related to responses to hypoxic stress condition and certain environmental toxins, such as dioxin and thus for integrating genetic and environmental insults it is present at specific potential sites. The expression of many other genes in the cell is regulated by transcription factors like ARNT and thus they are the master regulators of cellular functions. The first use of DNA chips has been represented by this study,

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Community Based Adult Education A. Global Assessment of Community Based Adult Education. This includes most important contributions they can make to society in the face of what are considered the most significant challenges of the 1990's. Who are the customers and how can they best be served? Which of the philosophies of adult education are most evident in each case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adult educators in community based development identify with a specific content area or with a specific clientele. For example literacy (the adult reading programs established throughout different communities) and also health (aids awareness programs).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aims and purposes of community-based adult education are usually directly related to specific community issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community Development (strictly an educational process; everything else is secondary) vs. Popular Education (providing social skills useful to the oppressed).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community-Based education operates on the assumption that a given community has potential to solve many of its problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The customers are the people in the community with common needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paulo Freire is the principle thinker under the Popular Education. B. What trends are evident (or can be expected) that will impact such institutions:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education with the people instead of for the peop...

Mind and Body Essay -- science

Mind and Body Much of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the attempt to come to grips with the problem of mind and body and how they interact. While the philosophical distinction between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the influential work of Renà © Descartes, (written around the 1630’s) that we owe the first systematic account of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes' friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileo's fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the world's first extended essay on physiological psychology was published only well after its author's death. In this essay, he proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events. According to his proposal, external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displaced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. This is the reason he has been credited with the founding of the reflex theory. Descarte was the first to talk about mind/body interactions, and thus had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Years later, the work of Nicolas Malebranche was probably the most influential provider of occasionalism. Occasionalism deals with the contradiction that if the nature of causality is such that causes and effects must have a necessary connection and be of a similar type, then mind/body interactionism is unsound. He argued that both of Descartes' substances, mind and body, are causally ineffective. His belief was that G’d is the one and only true cause. There is no influence of mind on body or of body on mind. â€Å"In order to retain the notion of God as the one true cause without sacrificing the idea of causality as operative in both the mental and the physical spheres, Benedictus de Spinoza abandoned Descartes' two-substance view in favor of what has come to be called double-aspect theory.† Double-aspect theories are based on the notion that the mental and the physical are simply different aspects of one and the same substance. Nonetheless, he agreed with De... ...ssembled a theory of moral development. The theory is based on standards of moral judgement. According to Piaget these cognitive abilities develop only as the child progresses through developmental stages. Kohlberg’s theory is too divided into stages. He proposed three major levels of moral reasoning, or development. According to Kohlberg, his three stages occur in that same order in all cultures. Development is closely related to socialization, because as we have discussed earlier, nurture, or the environment plays a major role in the development of an individual. Socialization the perceptual â€Å"process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to those regardless as desirable in a particular society.† Sexuality is closely related to socialization. Psychologists differ in their approaches towards development because the view it from distinct points of view. Piaget, for example, proposed a theory of the cognitive development of children, while Erikson proposed a theory based on the psychosocial development of individuals. Although Kohlberg based his theory on Piaget’s, his theory focused on moral reasoning.

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1 Independence of Singapore Introduction This portfolio entry is about the independence of Singapore. I chose this topic as I will learn about it in Primary 5, in relation to Social Studies. The independence of Singapore led us to full self-government. We had little resources, but the determination and perseverance to survive. What Happened Before Independence After the war, the British were no longer seen as capable leaders of Singapore, as they had failed to protect her from the Japanese.The British granted Singapore self-government in 1959, and the PAP won during the general elections, making Lee Kuan Yew the first Prime Minister. Singapore and Malaya merged with Sabah and Sarawak to make the Federation of Malaysia. However, Singapore separated from Malaysia because of the racial and religious tensions between both countries. Lee Kuan Yew feared that there would not be enough resources for Singapore to survive. How the Government governed Sin gapore after IndependenceThe government tried to have harsher punishments for crimes, so that there would not be many criminals and Singapore would be freer of corruption. Lee Kuan Yew grew Singapore’s economy by making education compulsory and maximising business opportunities. He also provided more housing for citizens. How others felt about the Independence of Singapore At the time of independence, citizens and even the ruling party of Singapore felt apprehensive about the future. With no natural resources, many felt that she would not be able to survive without the help of the other countries.My feelings towards the Independence of Singapore I feel the forced independence was a blessing in disguise. With wise steps, active participation and determination, Singapore has become a thriving country. If there had been no sudden separation from Malaysia, Singapore might not be what it is today. Conclusion In conclusion, Singapore’s independence allowed her to be successf ul. If Singapore had been a part of Malaysia instead and decided to become independent at a later stage, she would have to spend more time adapting and probably would not be as advanced as she is now.

Ralph Lauren Branding

In section of the case study will describe the CUBE (Customer-Based-Brand-Equity) del for Ralph Lauren brands. Second section will evaluate the role of brand association in the company's success. The third section determinate Ralph Laurels brand extension decision to Rugby and the last section will be recommendations for the companies regarding stewardship of their brand in the future. 3 Section 1 1 . 1. Identity of Ralph Lauren brand Brand Salience The Ralph Lauren brand has been mainly victorious in defining a exact niche group of customer's, offering a brand knowledge that is casual yet classic.It has urbanize a whole brand experience encompassing creation, display, retail, customer service and advertising resources. Ralph Lauren has been winning in extending from luxury garments to selling Jeans, bed linen and even labeled paint. The brands are updated and transmitted across cultures; Ralph Laurels marketing with logos is present around the world. The varied products include one of the world's most widely recognized families of consumer brands. For example the Polo brand draws on themes that have been explained as â€Å"country house clout, cottages and castles and Bridgehead Revisited† (Ellwood, 2002).These all advise a shape of product character that is backward-looking and nostalgic. They also propose a form of uppercases lifestyle future to e aspiration. A digit of brand names and logos of Ralph Lauren Corp.. Advises a leisure activity of the upper classes, yet it ass been presented as available to a wider audience. It is seem as more approachable than the typical Seville tailor yet purports to offer similar brand values. One of the strengths of the organization is that the different symbols and logos are all easy to recognize and to recall also it is easy for the customers to match the different sings to the right labels.Thought their brand equity with its brand extension / brand trenching advertising strategy, they amplified awareness and profi tability form offering more than Just one product category (Ralph Lauren – main weapon, 2010). 4 1. 2. Meaning Brand Performance The Primary characteristics of Ralph Lauren brands are reflecting high quality products in all categories to the customers. The organization is offering products for different age, gender and social groups. Ralph Laurel's brand images are reflecting an upper-class society. Every customer can identify it self with the specific brand.Every make is built on individual design and style, and it is appealing o the right target market. The organization is well organized with success in different ways of service also they offering warranty (up to 10 years) for the products. The organizational Is global organelles. Ra VPN Lauren NAS attempted to secure ten legal right to use images of polo players as part of its trade dress, ad prevent to American Polo Club from doing so. The country of origin for Lauren is USA and it is reflected in some brands (RL with the US flag).The products of the organization are available in different sizes, colors, shapes and materials (Ralph Lauren Weapon – online store, 2010). The prices are different for each brand: â€Å"†¦ From the very expensive Purple Collection to the more inexpensive Polo Jeans and RL. Each label provides a full range of products and line extensions† (Seafarer, 2005). Brand imagery The visual representation of Ralph Lauren is an intelligent, people of good social standing physically fit handsome young person with timeless style. Ralph Lauren uses images of the upper-class society, horse riding, sailing, and exclusive hobbies to connote that massage about his clothes via the proximity of the two images† (Ellwood, 2002). Ralph Lauren products appeal to different age groups, starts room teens to retirees (16 to 55 years olds): â€Å"Millennial teens now wear Junior-sized versions of the DENY and Ralph Lauren garb that adults wear†¦ â€Å"(Quart, 2004). Man and women with different material status and income levels are wearing the products all over the world. The brands are present through social events such in sport tournaments.The imagery characteristics comprise a feeling of an exclusive life standard; the brand mediated an attitude of nobility, luxurious, elegance and classic style. The realm of the imaginary, of imagery and meaning is the American Wild West for Ralph Laurels RL brand (Figure 1). The organizations have unique designs; the clients can recognize the Ralph Lauren elements which are reflected in the products (Figure 2). 1. 3. Response 5 Consumer Judgments Ralph Lauren is one of the world's premier brands, generally recognized and associated with diverse designs, luxury and quality.The brand quality is well organized; it is used high-end qualities for their designs, fabrics and products. The strength of the organization is their well prepared service based on: ability of products, customer services, locations, etc†¦ (Ralph Lauren Weapon – about, 2010) The Company is a market leader in the creation, marketing and striation of premium lifestyle products in four categories: apparel, home, accessories and fragrances are not fewer than 10 brand ranges within the Ralph Lauren organization (Annual Report, 2010).Consumer Feeling The brand likeability well structured thought all product areas. The brands; Rugby and Polo reflect a sportive image to the customers and sport is connected with fun. Sport events hosted by the company they are linked with amusing and leisure. The brand stores are constructed on a warm atmosphere with friendly stuff which is important for the general view. The brands of the corporation represent a good feeling to the clients, he different logos and packaging of the goods reflects confidence, warmth, trustiness, self-respect and high quality.Ralph Lauren products mediated a comfortable feeling when clients use or wear the products (Seafarer, 2005). 1 4 Relationship Con sumer – Brand Resonance The brand is successful in transmitting a picture of loyalty to their consumers, on the other side the consumers reacting with the same result, they capturing the image of faithfulness and they groom some kind of relationship to the specific brands. The brand reflects a status of healthiness and upper-class standard, some clients want to show there live-status through the RL rodents.Ralph Laurels customers are general loyal, they trust in the quality, service and the designs. Ralph Lauren website and the RL magazine informs the clients for new products 6 and lifestyles, the company send out quality magazines and catalogues to the registered brand-loyal customers, for information's around the organization (Awoken, 2007). Enthusiasts of the brand have the option to subscribe the e-mail service to get the newest releases and information's all around Ralph Lauren on the weapon to get a direct connection to the brands, and they have also the choice to ion f an clubs such as in face-book, twitter etc†¦The Ralph Lauren organization is uploading important information's about the company for shareholders, press, customers, general viewing, investors and so on†¦ (Ralph Lauren – investor, 2010) Section 2 Ralph Laurels success in brand association can be analyses in different points (Figure 3). The diverse brand logos are reflecting a specific image to the customers. Lauren brands can be allocated in dissimilar price classes, the customers can categorize the prices, styles, and exquisite thought the specific logos.Every label responds to the right target market. Through the imagery of the signs, clients can identify which the sportive and which the elegant products are. Ralph Laurels country of origin is the USA; Laurels cooperation is established in 1968 as Polo's Fashion. The most of the products are reflecting the â€Å"Americans way of life†, RL logo is decorated with the US flag, it is a sign of liberty for the US consumers. Ralph stores are global present; the flagship of the R.Lauren stores is located in Madison Avenue in New York (Vindictiveness, 2010), private organizations are offering their products; Store in stores: Harrows (Harrows, 2010)†¦ The company is offering different rodents on their weapon (Awoken, 2007); RL goods can be found on private websites and retailers as well (my-wardrobe, 2010). The cooperation has the rights of 25 lucrative licensing (Answers, 2010), the company is offering those license in alternative products through co-branding; â€Å"Ralph Lauren has built his fashion, fragrance and home furnishings†¦ (Rotation, 2006) the company is also providing jewelry accessories. (Ralph Lauren – product, 2010) By defining the diverse fashion brands, it can be articulate that they 7 are capturing different lifestyles for the various target market, the brand Polo is eased on traditional style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Polo, offering styles that were refined, a mix of E nglish classic and traditional American, and conveyed the image of landed gentry to a society that had little use for class† (Answers, 2010) where Rugby can be defined as sportive Ana Purple Aloe Is more elegant Ana exults etc†¦Ra VPN Laurels characters though licensing reflected in the diverse brand logos; such as POLO, the organization owns the licensing rights for the polo player design that means the logo is specially certified for use by the company (Parr, 2007). † Polo shall have the sole eight to determine which trademark shall be used in connection with each particular Licensed Product† (Finland, 2010). Ralph Lauren is the spokesperson for the organization; he is also the â€Å"face† of the brand.He is born in the street of the Bronx, the story of him is like a myth from a storybook; form no one to one of the famous designers in the world. He is present in TV, events, catwalks, fashion-shows & gossip columns (Girding, 2008). Though diverse spons orships are the organization present in events, for example; fashion shows with after parties and charity events â€Å"Foundation o support higher education a ND p roger m s w h I c h p rove did he It h ca ere n m deed IAC I lay- u n d e RSI e r Veda communities† (electrotherapist, 2010).Events for advertising plays a big role for the company, the newest gig is the AD cinema advert (Amassable, 2010). Ralph Lauren is highly distinguished with alternative awards and reviews; CAFE (Council of Fashion Designers of America) for the categories in â€Å"fashion design† and â€Å"best in business† (CAFE, 2010) and they earned an award from the NOR for the best retailer; â€Å"The National Retail Federation has selected US fashion firm Polo Ralph Lauren for its Gold Medal Award in retail. Oust-style, 2009) and so on†¦ The well known companies success is reflected in there brands, awards and products.Section 3 Ralph Laurel's brand extension decision to Rugby is exce llent, because the company is capturing a new field for their brand association. The Rugby brand talks to the younger generations, for the sportive committed target audience also known as the Gene-Y generation; †¦ Young people were not wearing Polo, and in fact the label has taken on hippies for teens and young women in light of fashion's current preppy mood. The young market from what we know buys the knit shirts, but [with Rugby], ere dressing them head-to-toe in shirts, sport coats, evenings.It's affordable and authentic,† the designer said (Lockwood, 2004). The latest objective is to capture the growing college market with a novel vertical trade concept for the brand. Ralph is now one step forward against the competitors, the organization is capturing products for every individual customer. The look of Rugby fashion stand for the college student from an earlier period; â€Å"The Rugby line represents a nostalgic look at the Ivy League experience and the ideals of a c ollegiate setting† (Hancock, 2009).Models with tattoos ND piercing are used for fashion picture-shoots; it is Rugby way to be apparent for the Gene-Y customers. The advertising strategies for the brand are build on a successful way thought; Technological factors such as a mobile device application â€Å"Ralph 8 Lauren launched a mobile app with its Fall 2008 collection and is now selling all kinds of products with this mobile technology' (Blanch, 2009). The phone app: â€Å"Make you own Rugby' is offered to clients for free download, to design their own shirts, choosing shapes, colors and uploading pictures.Every one with the app can create an individual rugby close. It was a victorious way to attract the already exist and new customers (l I ones, 2 I en organizational Is attracting ten consumers Walt n Levers events; new store openings, fashion shows, leisure activities, competitions, parties etc. All information's for events can be filtered out from Rugby weapon (Rugby â⠂¬â€œ Style Blob, 2010). The Rugby Cafe is a place where rugby clients can meet and to become acquainted with each other, it is a space where consumers can order food and drinks in a comfortable atmosphere (Rugby – Our Stores, 2010).Purchase prices for Rugby articles are more reasonable in the market; â€Å"the Rugby store offers a repay lifestyle collection at more affordable price points than Laurel's Blue Label (only available at Ralph Lauren stores) and Black Label and Collection (sold at select department and specialty stores as well as Ralph Lauren stores. ) Rugby will be around 40 percent less expensive than Blue Label in some product categories† (Lockwood ,2004) Rugby by Ralph Lauren is a triumphant way which attracts the younger generation; with the attractive, casual, sportive and leisure oriented, historic based designs and products.My first recommendation for the stewardship of Ralph Lauren cooperation future is, o produce their all products in the USA, bec ause it would be reflect more quality â€Å"made from Americans to Americans† it can be a slogan of advertising for the US market, for every other countries, it can be â€Å"made from Americans for the World†. The second recommendation is to be more different than the competitors, M. Numeric (2007) sad it before: â€Å"Differentiation, the art of standing out from the competition. It can be everything, for example; a space in Ralph Laurels website, where customers can design and buy their own Lauren sweatshirt, NIKKEI is offering this with shoes already to their clients (Nikkei, 2010) The third advice for the organization is to advertise more in the East of the globe (East and Far East). The different brands are already known in the US and Europe but not really in the East countries like; Turkey, Iran, China etc†¦ , only 1 or 2 brands (POLO, Ralph Lauren) are popular there, but what is with the other brands (chaps, purple label†¦ ) they are not really recogn ized and present in those countries.There is a powerful target market for the Ralph Lauren cooperation, with effective advertising strategies, the company can be successful in adding clients for their products, the result can be; more sales, profit, high turnover, customers, reputation and so on. My fourth proposal will be, the advice to work with other famous 9 persons together, it can be; popular designers, celebrities, politicians etc†¦ , the company can make features in the designs with those persons, it can be for example; Ralph Lauren winter collection designed by Marc Jacobs or Beam's graphic design on Lauren shirts†¦Those features can attract more customers to buy Ralph Lauren products and it will be a good social advertising for the organization. The last point of y recommendations will be that the company can produce their products ecological responsive. They can use for the manufacture of Ralph Lauren products environmental friendly materials; colors, fabrics / garments, recyclable goods etc. A big organization like R. Lauren can reduce the carbon emissions significantly and that would be a positive respond from the clients.

Annotated Bibliography on William Shakespeares “Hamlet” Essay

Other artists represent the dramatic structures, terms, images and characters from William Shakespeare’s Hamlet by portraying the exact emotion of the play. They act out a good representation of the spiritual experience in visual terms. The students vision studies and its importance in writings on aesthetics and representation. Adams, Joseph Quincy, â€Å"Arrival in London. † A Life of William Shakespeare. S. I: Houghton, 1923: 126-128. There were three classes of persons at the playhouse besides musicians. There were sharers, hirelings, and servants. The â€Å"sharers† were the most important actors. According to their merits, they enjoyed either half-sharers or whole-sharers as indicated by Hamlet. Below the sharers in rank were the â€Å"hirelings† who did not profit by large takings of the theatre. The third and final class, the servants, was the prompters, stagehands, property keepers, and caretakers. Chute, Marchette, â€Å"Hamlet. † Stories from Shakespeare. Cleveland: World, 1956: 157-160 Hamlet is perhaps one of the most famous of all of William Shakespeare’s tragedies. It is known all over the world and has kept a compelling fascination wherever it goes. The hero is so real and his dilemma is very basic to human living that people in every country recognize him. Hamlet is not only the most brilliant of the tragedies but one of the saddest. It is the saddest tragedy because the hero is not destroyed or killed by any evil in his nature but by kind misplaced good. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, â€Å" Lectures and Notes on Shakespeare and other English Poets. † Online. Internet. Available: http://shakespearean. org. uk/haml-col. htm. (6 February 2004) Hamlet’s character is the prevalence of the abstracting and generalizing habit over the practical. He does not want courage, skill, will, or opportunity; but every incident sets him thinking; and it is curious, and at the same time strictly natural, that Hamlet, who all the play seems reason itself, should be impelled, at last, by mere accident, to effect his object. Lamb, Gregory M. â€Å"A sweet, gentle, inspired Hamlet. † Christian Science Monitor: 20 April 2001. (6 February 2004). T. S. Eliot called Hamlet the â€Å"Mona Lisa of Literature†. No matter how hard we look at the play, it never yields all its secrets. We have become fascinated by it. This being Shakespeare, a ripping good story unfolds, of course, from the moment a creepy ghost walks the castle’s parapet on through murders, suicide, and enough plot twist and complex relationships for any soap-opera fan. This is all topped with a dramatic sword fight. Hamlet is no Bruce Willis tale of an action hero on a payback mission. â€Å"Shakespeare† Britannica, 1989 During Shakespeare’s early career dramatists sold their play to an actor company, who then takes charge of them, prepared working prompt books, and did whatever it takes to make sure other companies did not take their work. This way they could exploit the play itself for as long as it drew an audience. Some plays did get published into smaller books called quartos. Hamlet quartos are a good example of plays that were pirated or bad text. â€Å"Shakespeare, William† The World Book Encyclopedia, 1979 Shakespeare wrote his greatest tragedies during the third period (1601-1608) of his artistic development. Of all the tragedy plays, Hamlet has to be the most dramatic and saddest of all the plays. The role of Hamlet in particular is considered one of the theater’s greatest acting challenges. Shakespeare focused the play on the deep conflict within the thoughtful and idealistic Hamlet as he is torn between the demands of his emotions and the hesitant skepticism of his mind. Thorndike, Ashley Horace. Shakespeare’s Theater. New York: The MacMillian Company, 1916:246-251. Records of court performance are abundant and descriptions of performances of traveling actors before noble or king may be found in Hamlet. The traditions and standards of acting accumulated by a generation of practice before an increasing audience. This made the play more exciting to watch every time it was portrayed.

Poor Infection Control

Poor Infection Control This story is about a man in his twenties named Michael Skolnik. He was born in March of 1979 and died in June of 2004. He was the only child of his parents. It all started one day while he was doing normal activity, and he passed out in September of 2001. His parents took him to the hospital and a CT scan showed the slight possibility of a colloid cyst, but whatever the two to three millimeter dot was, it was not symptomatic. His mother consulted with a neurosurgeon who said that it was urgent to place Michael in ICU for observation.The neurosurgeon said that Michael needed to have brain surgery within two days. It was supposed to be a three hour operation, and Michael was only supposed to have to spend six days in the hospital. The neurosurgeon explained to Michael’s mother that he had done many of these procedures before, and that he really didn’t even have to go inside Michael’s brain to remove the cyst. He said that the cyst was there and was blocking the cerebral spinal fluid from flowing. The three hour operation ended up lasting six hours without a cyst ever being found. Meanwhile, heavy manipulation had been done to Michael’s brain.His â€Å"six day hospital stay† became five months in ICU, Twenty-two months in other medical institutions, and the last six months of his life at home, in his parent’s own ICU. Upon the hospital’s further examination of Michael’s CT scan, it became evident that the neurosurgeon’s pressure to rush Michael into surgery was unwarranted. This marked the beginning of a Thirty-two month long nightmare of brain surgeries, infections, pulmonary embolisms, respiratory arrest, vision impairment, paralysis, psychosis, severe seizure disorder, short-term memory loss, multiple organ failure, and near total dependence and disability.Michael could not eat, speak, or move anything but his right hand. Almost every day during this traumatic time, Michael w as so miserable that he actually would use his sole limb control to shape his fingers into a gun, and hold them to his temple. This 6’4† EMT and nursing student was now totally helpless and had the cognitive ability of a third grader. Michael’s medical bills amounted to be 4. 5 million dollars, and his legal bills were just beginning. His parents listened to a doctor that had claimed to have performed many surgeries finally admit in a legal deposition that Michael’s procedure had only been his second surgery ever performed.Despite all their attempts to research the doctor’s background, this was the first time they had ever heard the truth about his level of experience. They then knew they had to do something, knowing their son was never going to come back, but they wanted to make sure that it did not happen to anyone else’s family. Three years after Michael’s death this parent’s fought for physician profile transparency and disc losure in Colorado. They had found out that there were other medical malpractice cases pending and a number of formal complaints to the Board of Medical Examiners regarding this medical predator.At that time, none of this background information was available to the public, so they worked to change that. On May 24, 2007 Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law â€Å"The Michael Skolnik Medical Transparency Act†, which became effective on January 2, 2008. In 2009 their organization Colorado Citizens for Accountability,† launched PatientsRightToKnow. org, which allows you to find out what physician background reporting is available to you in your state.